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Bunions are a swelling of the base of the big toe which causes the toe to compress into adjoining toes. The joint at the base of the big toe is called the metatarsophaligeal (MTP) joint and when this enlarges the bone and tissue moves out of its proper alignment, resulting in swelling, redness and pain.
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Bunions are painful and uncomfortable since movement of the MTP joint is essential when walking and so every step pressures the joint, causing increasing pain. The added complication of corns is also a problem due to the friction on overlapping points with the big toe and the second toe. In advanced stages bunions can make the foot appear deformed and lead to arthritis.
Bunions are caused by years of pressure and abnormal motion of the MTP joint, primarily through extended periods wearing tight-fitting shoes and high heels, which force the foot downwards and additionally pressure the MTP joint. They can also be caused by a particular gait when walking or inherited foot type.
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Treatment of bunions does not usually require surgery. The main focus involves relieving the pressure on the bunion and stopping the progression of the joint deformity. Bunion pads are available from Chemists and Pharmacies, and wearing shoes with wide toe boxes and avoiding high heels are key to successful treatment and ongoing preventative measures to avoid the bunions recurring.
Bunions which are inflamed can respond to anti-inflammatory drugs and ultrasound therapy. Applying ice packs can also help reduce the inflammation. In the rare cases when surgery is required, the bony enlargement of the MTP joint is removed and normal alignment of the big toe restored.
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Because of the way in which the big toe and MTP joint is central to movement of the foot and walking, recuperation after surgery can take a considerable time and may include swelling and persistent stiffness.
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